Introduction

In this essay I examine the history of archaeology on the Island of Newfoundland by reviewing a sample of the work done in the past 124 years [* note: the essay discusses ONLY the archaeology of the Island of Newfoundland itself; it does NOT include work conducted in Labrador. ].

1800s-1950s Sporadic Investigations:

The earliest reference to archaeological work in Newfoundland is found with T.G.B. Lloyd who, as part of the Geological Survey of Canada , conducted a survey on the west coast of Newfoundland in the mid 1870s. During this survey he collected archaeological specimens that he attributed to the Beothuk (Lloyd, 1875, 1875b, 1876).

In the early 1900s A.V. Kidder visited the Port au Choix area which resulted in him purchasing "some human remains and associated bone and ivory artifacts" from a local resident. These specimens were eventually housed at the Peabody Museum in Massachusetts (Tuck, 1976:4). Between 1915 and the 1920s Frank G. Speck visited the island as part of his research into the Beothuk which resulted in a publication for the Museum of the American Indian in 1922 (Devereux, 1964:4; 1970:v; Speck, 1922).

In 1915 James P. Howley published his comprehensive work on the Beothuks. As with those before him Howley felt it was only the Beothuks that had a history on the island. In commenting on the antiquity of the island Howley stated that:

It must have taken a great series of years for the new-comers to have spread themselves over the entire continent, and occupy even the outlying islands in such numbers as we find them on the arrival of the first European explorers, but it is doubtful if their occupancy of our island dated much further back than Cabot’s discovery. Howley, 1915:xviii

It is interesting that Howley did postulate that some of the collections he examined from the Port au Choix area may not have been Beothuk saying: "I have a strong suspicion that all these implements, etc., from this locality, may possibly be of Eskimo and not of Beothuk manufacture" (Howley, 1915:330). Despite this, most archaeological remains continued to be attributed to the Beothuk.

In 1927 Diamond Jenness did preliminary surveys in Newfoundland (Harp, 1964:8; Jenness, 1929). Jenness’ aims were "(1) to locate any existing remains of the extinct Beothuk Indians; (2) to discover what contacts there had been between the Beothuk Indians and the Eskimos to the northward" (Jenness, 1929:36). In 1925 Jenness had identified the Cape Dorset Eskimo culture from his work in the arctic. Although the artifacts he examined from Newfoundland were very similar to Cape Dorset Eskimo he chose to interpret them as Beothuk stating that: "It seems fairly clear, therefore, that the Beothuk and Eskimos were in contact at some early date, and borrowed a few elements of each other’s culture." (Jenness, 1929:8; see also Harp, 1964:8).

In 1929 W.J. Wintemberg undertook a survey on the west coast of Newfoundland for the National Museum of Canada (Carignan, 1975:1; Harp, 1964:5). Wintemberg also noted the similarity of his finds to Cape Dorset Eskimo Culture, but did not publish this until 1939 and 1940. Before Wintemberg published, Jenness revisited the issue by reviewing the known information. In 1933 Jenness published an article which included Wintemberg’s assessment of the Newfoundland sites as being associated with Cape Dorset, thus the connection of Dorset with Newfoundland prehistory was established (Harp, 1964:9; Wintemberg, 1940).

In 1949 and 1950 Elmer Harp of the United States, surveyed the Strait of Belle Isle and the west coast of Newfoundland. As with archaeologists who preceded Harp, he too was concerned with "...problems surrounding the defunct Beothuk Indians of Newfoundland." (Harp, 1964:5). However after two field seasons, and influenced by Wintemberg’s work, his focus shifted to the Cape Dorset Eskimo (Harp, 1964:5).

On the other side of the island, early archaeological investigations also occurred sporadically. On the Avalon the focus was primarily on retrieving information from historic sites. In 1937 archaeologists from Baltimore Maryland undertook minor excavations at Ferryland (Pope, 1986:77). In 1955-1956 Edward Jelks excavated at Signal Hill looking to expand military history knowledge (Ferguson, 1985). Finally in 1959 J.R. Harper also surveyed Ferryland looking for original seventeenth century site locations (Pope, 1986:78; Tuck, 1986:239).

Provincially the Historic Objects, Sites and Records Act, No. 76 was passed on July 6, 1959 by the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (GNL) (GNL, 1959:1). This Act legally established both the Newfoundland Archives and Newfoundland Museum. A Board of Trustees of Historic Objects, Sites and Records was established, with the mandate to "stimulate interest in the archaeology, ethnology and history of the social, economic and culture development of Newfoundland" (GNL, 1959:5). The Act required that any person who found an object had to report where and when it was found and stated that: "no person shall acquire any right to or the ownership of an historic object..." (GNL, 1959:7). Penalty for violation of this Act was a maximum of $100 and/or a maximum of one month imprisonment (GNL, 1959:12).

Although the Act assisted the RCMP as a tool to deter archaeological plundering, the Province still had few internal resources to enforce and support the archaeological concerns of the Province. There was no Provincial Archaeologist and it appears that the Archives and Museum was currated by the same person (Devereux, 1966c).

1960s Increased Activity

The work of the 1960s expanded the understanding of the prehistory of the island, moving beyond a single cultural affiliation seen in early years. Between 1961 and 1964 Harp returned to the Port au Choix area to study the Dorset Eskimo (Fogt, 1996:3). In 1961 Anne and Helge Ingstad began an eight year project on the newly discovered Norse settlement of L’Anse aux Meadows (Wallace, 1991:69).

With no archaeologist at Memorial University or with the Provincial Government, the National Museum of Canada continued to sponsor projects in the Province. In 1964 Helen Devereux began a three year project which explored "the archaeological identity of the Beothuk of Newfoundland." (Devereux, 1966:1). Visiting a number of sites Devereux noted the damage caused by erosion over a relatively short number of years. At the Beaches site in Bonavista Bay she noted that the 16 housepits originally observed by Lloyd in 1874 had been eroded into the tidal flats with only four remaining. At Pope’s Point in central Newfoundland the toll of erosion resulted in only two of the 13 house pits Speck noted in 1915 still being visible (Devereux, 1964:4). By 1966 Devereux had identified five sites for further investigations. The choices were made with a recognition that work needed to be done at the endangered sites, as well as continuing her research into the Beothuk (Devereux, 1966b:i).

In 1966 A.M. Frazer, then the Provincial Archivist and Curator of the Newfoundland Museum, asked Devereux to investigate the Cape Ray Site. The Department of Transportation who was in charge of the land was concerned about the site’s preservation (Devereux, 1966c:1). Looting at the site had been occurring and the RCMP were involved in trying to stop the damage and attempting to recover the artifacts (Devereux, 1966c: 2-3). Devereux spent three days interviewing locals, photographing the site, and sampling it (Devereux, 1966c:1). In her report she commented that "It is recommended that the Government of Newfoundland consider the broader problem of lack of qualified archaeologically trained people among its own constituent..." (Devereux, 1966c: 34).

In 1966-1967 Don MacLeod, also with the National Museum of Man conducted survey work in the Twillingate area, along with surveys in Labrador (MacLeod, 1967,1968). In 1967-1968 Urve Linnamae continued work started by Devereux at the Cape Ray site. Excavating for her PhD and at the same time gathering information from an endangered site, Linnamae expanded the knowledge of Dorset prehistory known at the time (Fogt, 1996:4-5).

The lack of provincial resources to monitor site damage and enforce its 1959 Act was also evident at the Indian Point Site, also in central Newfoundland. Shown to Devereux by Mr. Don Locke of Grand Falls Windsor in 1968 Devereux noted that considerable damage had been done in the previous four years at the Indian Point Site (Devereux, 1970:31).

One of the first steps in filling the void of provincial archaeology resource people was solved with the hiring of James Tuck by the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at Memorial University in St. John’s in 1968 as their first archaeology professor (Tuck, 1996: Pers. Comm.). In the same year Tuck was involved in what would prove to be the defining site for the cultural group termed Maritime Archaic (Tuck, 1976, 1981). Over 100 skeletons and associated artifacts were found on a construction site in the town of Port au Choix in 1967.

In 1969 Memorial University hired Albert Bartovics who supervised a joint project with the Provincial Government in Trinity. Bartovics sampled remaining fort structures at Admiral’s Point, Trinity, by using existing maps and plans of the fortification from 1748. Bartovics was successful in finding features that corresponded to the original plans (Bartovics, 1970). Thus, with Memorial University’s hiring of archaeology staff, Newfoundland saw the beginnings of its own institutionalized archaeological resources.

1970s Increased Provincial Government Involvement

The early 1970s saw an increased commitment to archaeology by the Provincial Government. Through pressure from the University and archaeology profession a Provincial Archaeologist position was created. Paul Carignan was the first to fill this job with the responsibility of both the Provincial Archaeologist and Archaeology Curator at the Newfoundland Museum (Tuck, 1996: Pers. Comm.; Mills, 1996: Pers. Comm.). The Province sponsored archaeological projects including Ingeborg Marshall’s 1973 work on the Beothuk in the Bay of Exploits (Marshall, 1973) and Paul Carignan’s 1975 survey of the west coast and Great Northern Peninsula (Carignan, 1975).

New provincial acts were passed in 1970 and 1973 pertaining to Historic Objects, Sites and Records (GNL, 1970, 1973). The 1973 Act, amongst other things, established clearly that "No person shall carry on archaeological investigations in Newfoundland unless he is the holder of a permit issued by the Minister under this Act". (GNL, 1973:14). Furthermore the Act stipulated that permission from the property owner was required and, detailed reports indicating stratification, discoveries and other pertinent details were to be submitted by the permit holder (GNL, 1973:15). The penalty for violation of the Act now rose to a maximum of $1000 and/or 3 months imprisonment (GNL, 1973:16-17).

Federally the National Museum of Canada continued to support projects and in 1970 Urve Linnamae did a survey of the Placentia Bay region. Her goal was to determine a more valid definition for Newfoundland Dorset and try to define the ecological adaptations and relationships with this area (Linnamae, 1971:1).

In 1972 and 1973 the by now established Archaeological Survey of Canada (A.S.C.) undertook a Salvage program across the country (Byrne, 1974:1). In Newfoundland they sponsored Paul Carignan’s 1972 work at the stratified Beaches Site in Bonavista Bay. This site was chosen by the A.S.C. because it was in danger of destruction from two sources, namely erosion from natural forces resulting in many blown out areas, and the destruction caused by artifact collectors (Carignan, c.1972, 1973, 1974, 1974b:30). Maritime Archaic, Dorset and Beothuk evidence were all found in a 2-3 inch stratum leading Carignan to believe that this may reflect continuous use of the site without any major temporal gap (Carignan, 1974b:32).

Memorial University’s important role in Newfoundland archaeology began to gain momentum with other projects initiated by them and their students during the 1970s. Raymond LeBlanc in 1973 did work at the Wigwam Brook Site as part of his program at Memorial with Tuck as his advisor. As with those before him LeBlanc’s purpose was "...was to collect sufficient data to attempt to formulate an archaeological ‘identity’ of the historic Beothuk" (LeBlanc, 1973). Shaun Austin for his Masters at Memorial University did work at the multi-component site at Cape Cove Beach (DhAi-5,6,7), Cape Freels. The site contained evidence of the terminal period of the Maritime Archaic, Dorset and Recent Indian (Austin, 1980:ii). Austin’s work at the site led him to state in his conclusions that:

....the Cape Cove Beach data, in concern with all other available evidence, appears to support the hypothesis that an in situ cultural development occurred in Newfoundland from the inception of the Maritime Archaic Tradition to the historic Beothuk period. Further, this proposed transition now appears to have been influenced, via the secondary diffusion of a number of cultural traits, by Late-Early and Middle Dorset Eskimos. Austin, 1980:198

Robert Barakat, hired at Memorial University in the 1970s (Tuck, 1996: Pers. Comm.) conducted studies in historic archaeology in St.John’s. He was requested to do salvage archaeology at the Newman Wine Vaults and make recommendations on the proposed reconstruction of the building (Barakat, 1973:67). In Cupids, he did preliminary work looking for the John Guy colony of the 16th century. Using archaeology students from Memorial, surveys in Cupids were a way to provide training and increase interest in historic archaeology. Barakat felt that with this, and similar other work, Memorial was beginning to recognize the potential of historic archaeology in its program (Barakat: 1973b:3).

Barakat’s report on this work also commented on the potential of historic archaeology for tourism. His comments were predictive for what certainly became a future trend when he stated that: "Aside from the purely academic and historical value of sites like Cupids and Ferryland, there is also the value for tourism; that is, by developing such sites to attract tourists to the Province, the areas in which these sites are located should benefit economically from an influx of visitors." (Barakat, 1973b:3-4).

By the 1970s another Federal group was instrumental in archaeology in the Province. Parks Canada controlled federally designated park land and initiated survey projects in both Gros Morne National Park (Tuck, 1972) and Terra Nova Park (Tuck, 1980). Between 1973 and 1976 archaeology and the subsequent reconstruction work was done at L’Anse aux Meadows by Parks Canada (Wallace, 1991:71)

1980s Organization

1980 ushered in a decade of many positive aspects for Newfoundland archaeology. The most notable were seen within the Provincial Government. Brenda Clark, who had replaced Carignan during the 1970s was in turn replaced by Jane Sproull Thomson by the beginning of 1980 (Mills, 1996: Pers. Comm). Sproull Thomson was the co-editor of a new series produced by the Historic Resources Division of the Newfoundland Government. Entitled "Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador" this series aimed at compiling information quickly and producing an annual report summarizing field work conducted in Newfoundland and Labrador. The series started with work done in 1980 with Report No. 1 (Sproull Thomson, 1981) and covered the work done in the Province up until 1986 with report No. 7 (Thomson, 1989). Unfortunately the series ended here and has yet to be restarted. By the middle of the decade the Historic Resources Division was successful in securing a second position, that of Archaeology Curator at the Newfoundland Museum. The position, which up until now was held by one person acting as both Curator and Provincial Archaeologist, was first filled by Callum Thomson (Mills, 1996: Pers. Comm.). Archaeological projects in this decade covered a wide variety of subjects and saw the start of a number of multi-year projects such as the Beothuk Project initiated and sponsored by Historic Resources Division (Pastore, 1982-1986, 1989; Sproull Thomson 1982b; Thomson 1983).

Legislatively the passing of an Environmental Assessment Act in 1980 meant an increase in archaeological assessments of land that could be disturbed by construction or other activity, assessments done previously only for Newfoundland Hydro (Sproull Thomson, 1981:1). By 1985 a new Act was passed to replace the 1973 Historic Objects, Sites and Records Act (GNL 1985). The Act once again underwent a series of refinements and increased details of definitions and requirements. This Act required that all sites had to be reported, no work was allowed without a permit, all objects belonged to Her Majesty, people were required to register their archaeological collections with the Government, buying, selling, or trading of archaeological objects were forbidden, collections were to be turned over to the Province when a person died, and if one sold their land, they were not selling the archaeological site as well (GNL, 1985:6). Although the first few points had already been found in previous Acts, the 1985 Act expanded the responsibility of the public towards archaeological sites. As well the act allowed for Site Impact Assessments to be called for and the Province had the power to issue a stop work order if necessary (GNL, 1985:7, 13). The penalty for violation of this Act also dramatically increased, with a maximum fine of $50,000 and/or a maximum of 1 year imprisonment (GNL.,1985:16).

Federally the role of the A.S.C. seemed to diminish in sponsoring archaeology projects in the Province. Parks Canada however continued to sponsor work in areas such Port au Choix. In 1984 Parks Canada made the area of Port au Choix a National Historic Site (Renouf, 1985:298). Expanding on the work started by Elmer Harp, M.A.P. Renouf started a multi-year project here in 1984 exploring many issues over the years, including trying to establish a better understanding of the various cultural groups that have inhabited the area. In addition, as a part of this project in 1986, Stuart Brown did salvage excavations in two caves. Although no undisturbed areas were located Brown did find enough material culture data to expand the knowledge of Palaeo-Eskimo mortuary behavior (Brown, 1988:3).

At Memorial University, apart from Dr. Ralph Pastore’s involvement with the multi year provincial Beothuk project and work at Boyd’s Cove, Tuck also started work in 1984 at the Colony of Avalon in Ferryland. Along with Roy Skanes, who did underwater assessments at the site, the initial stages of what has now been a 12 year project were begun (Tuck, 1985; Skanes, 1985). Gerald Penney, both as a student of archaeology at Memorial University and through contracts with the Conne River Band did survey and excavation work in the south central areas of Newfoundland, with a particular focus on areas of traditional Micmac use and land utilization (Penney, 1985).

Underwater archaeology activity was also notable in this decade. Parks Canada did excavations on the Saphire wreck in Bay Bulls (Mills, 1996: Pers. Comm.) And the Newfoundland Marine Archaeological Society (N.M.A.S.) was instrumental in surveying a number of underwater areas around Newfoundland’s coast and in participating in the mapping and excavation of a number of underwater sites (Ginns, 1989, N.M.A.S. 1981, 1982, 1983).

Finally, the 1980s saw an increase in the public’s role in archaeology. The Provincial Government’s Historic Resources Division released a pamphlet "Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador" to increase the knowledge of the Province’s prehistory and to draw attention to the Act Respecting Historic Objects, Sites and Records (Sproull Thomson, 1983:1). The Newfoundland and Labrador Amateur Archaeology Association was formed as a group of interested individuals who met for lectures on archaeology by the academic community, volunteered their services in the museum and where needed, and had an informal newsletter. They also initiated the ‘Site Watch’ program whereby a number of individuals in areas where there were known important sites would periodically inspect the sites and report on their condition (Mathieson, 1996: Pers. Comm.).

The 1990s: Cut Backs

In 1991 the Act Respecting the Preservation of the Historic Resources of the Province was supplemented by the passing of legislation pertaining to Archaeological Investigation Permit Regulations. This document outlined the process for applying for an archaeological permit, what is required from a report, and issues pertaining to artifacts leaving the country on loan through the Cultural Property Export Permit Act (Government of NF and Lab, 1991).

Although these guidelines were passed the resources available in the Province to continue initiatives started in the 1980s were no longer available in the 1990s. By the end of the 1980s both Sproull Thomson and Thomson had left their respective posts as Provincial Archaeologist and Archaeology Curator. Although the Provincial Archaeology position was filled by Linda Jefferson, the latter position remained unfilled for about five years. In 1992 Martha Drake, the current Provincial Archaeologist replaced Jefferson but it was not until 1995 that the position of Archaeology Curator was filled by the current Curator, Kevin McAleese. Financially, money was no longer available for such projects as the Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador Annual Reports and there were less provincially sponsored archaeology projects (Mills, 1996: Pers. Comm; Drake, 1996:Pers. Comm.).

Environmental assessment and resource impact studies however did continue to be a source of preliminary research and testing and site excavation. Thomson’s work at Great Mosquito Cove, Bull Arm, Trinity Bay, where a Dorset Palaeo-Eskimo site (CkAl-8) was located during Stage 2 operations in an area to be used by the oil companies was an example of this (Thomson, 1990, 1990b:i).

Memorial University continued to play a role with the ongoing excavations at Ferryland, that also involves several graduate students in the project. Excavations done by Fogt at Cape Ray in 1996 as part of her Masters work and Steve Mill’s work in Renews are also examples of University context work (Fogt, 1996: Pers. Comm; Mills, 1996).

Archaeology activity also increased due to tourism. William Gilbert, in association with the Baccalieu Trail Heritage Corporation, excavated and surveyed a number of sites in this area, most notably in the town of Cupids where he is still active in establishing the location of the first colony of John Guy. Apart from Cupids, Russell’s Point, Dildo Island and Anderson’s Cove have been explored as part of increasing the knowledge and tourism potential of the area (Gilbert, 1995, 1996, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d). Skanes surveyed Quidi Vidi Pass in St. John’s as part of Historic Resources plans for future development of the area (Skanes, 1993b) and his work in Trinity is another example of tourism oriented archaeology. Already sustaining a strong cultural industry with such events as the Trinity pageant, Skanes helped add the element of archaeology to Trinity’s tourism potential (Skanes, 1996: Pers. Comm.; Skanes and Reynolds, 1996). Other towns have initiated projects to identify archaeological resources that have potential for tourism. For examples residents of the Old Ferrole area see "potential tourism benefits of a program of archival and archaeological investigations into the four centuries of use or occupation of Old Ferrole Island" (Thomson, 1993:1). As Skanes notes, the collapse of the cod fishery has had an impact on the increase in archaeology done in Newfoundland (Skanes, 1996: Pers. Comm.).

REFERENCES

Auger, Reginald
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1985 "Progress Report on Inuit Investigations in the Strait of Belle Isle". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5 Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 272-293.

Austin, Shaun
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1985 "Maritime Archaic and Recent Indian Evidence From Cape Cove Beach, Newfoundland". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Barakat, Robert A.
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1973b "Archaeological Excavations at the site of The John Guy Colony at Cupids, Newfoundland (Borden CjAh)". Unpublished Report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Bartovics, Albert F.
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Brown, Stuart C.
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Byrne, W.J.
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Carignan, Paul
c.1972 "Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations at the Beaches Site, Bonavista Bay, NF". An unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

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1974 The Beaches Site, Bonavista Bay, NF. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No.15. Compiled by W.J. Byrne. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.

1974b "Salvage Archaeology in Bonavista Bay". In Archaeological Salvage Projects 1973. National Museum of Man Mercury Series Paper No. 26. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, pp 22-25.

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Devereux, Helen
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1966b "Five Archaeological Sites in Newfoundland: A Description". An unpublished report submitted to the National Museum of Canada and the Department of Provincial Affairs, Province of Newfoundland. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland.

1966c "The Cape Ray Light Site History and Preliminary Observations Upon a Dorset Eskimo Site in SW Newfoundland". An unpublished report submitted to the Department of Provincial Affairs, Province of Newfoundland. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland.
Devereux, Helen Con’t

1970 "A Preliminary Report on The Indian Point Site, Newfoundland A Stratified Beothuk Site". An unpublished report submitted to the National Museums of Canada and the Province of Newfoundland. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland.

Erwin, John
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Evans, Clifford
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1982 "Frenchman’s Island Site (ClAl-1) Preliminary Field Report". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp.210-225.

Ferguson, Rob
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Fogt, Lisa
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Gilbert, William and Ken Reynolds
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Ginns, Janette M.
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Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (GNL)
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1974 An Act to Amend the Historic Objects, Sites and Records Act, 1973, Amendment No.113, December 20, 1974. St. John’s: Queen’s Printer.

1977 An Act To Amend the Historic Objects, Sites and Records Act, 1973, Chapter 80, June 17, 1977. St. John’s: Queen’s Printer.

1985 An Act Respecting the Preservation of the Historic Resources of the Province. Chapter H-4, 1985 c33sl. St. John’s: Queen’s Printer.

1991 Newfoundland Legislation 143/91 Archaeological Investigation Permit Regulations and the Historic Resources Act. O.C. 574-91. St. John’s: Queen’s Printer.

1996 Listing of Permits Issued. Unpublished information on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

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1996c "Exploring Our Past - archaeological Wonders of Newfoundland and Labrador, A Self-Driving Guide". St. John’s: Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation, government to Newfoundland and Labrador.

Harp, Elmer
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Howley, James P.
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Jerkic, Sonja, M.
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Jenness, D.
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LeBlanc, Raymond, Joseph
1973 "The Wigwam Brook Site and the Historic Beothuk Indians". Unpublished Masters Thesis, Memorial University, copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

LeBlanc, Sylvie
1996 "A Place With a View: Groswater Settlement and Subsistence in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Memorial University, St. John’s. As referenced by Fogt, 1996.

Linnamae, Urve
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Lloyd, T.G.B.
1875 "On the "Beothucs", a Tribe of Red Indians, Supposed to be Extinct, which Formerly Inhabited Newfoundland". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 4:21-39.

1875b "On the Stone Implements of Newfoundland." Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 5:233-250. As referenced in Strong, 1930.

1876 "A Further Account of the Beothucs of Newfoundland." Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 5:222-248.

Marshall, Ingeborg
1973 "Report on the Survey of Beothuck Indian Sites and Burials in the Bay of Exploits, Notre Dame Bay - July 1973". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1974 "Report of the Field Trip to Notre Dame Bay, Nfld. From 17th June to 7th July, 1974". Unpublished Report for the Newfoundland Museum, St. John’s Newfoundland. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1978 "Report on Archaeological Survey June/July, 1978". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1982 "Report of Survey Undertaken by Ingeborg Marshall, July 1982. In Miles Cove, Sunday Cove Island Notre Dame Bay / NF". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1987 "Report on Archaeological Survey in Hare Bay/Northern Peninsula 14-19 June, 1987". Unpublished Report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Mathieson, Julia
1996 Personal Communication, Telephone Interview, re: Amateur Archaeological Association. November 9, 1996.

MacLeod, Donald
1967 "1967 Field Season Report". A report submitted to Dr. J.V. Wright at what is now the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1968 "1968 Field Trip Report". A report submitted to Dr. J.V. Wright at what is now the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador

McAleese, Kevin
1994 "Lester/Garland Site Excavation Trinity, Trinity Bay, Preliminary Report". Unpublished report prepared for Historic Resources Division. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

McGhee, Robert
1996 Personal Communication, Telephone call to Canadian Museum of Civilization, re: history of the A.S.C., November 19, 1996.

McLean, Laurie
1994 "Burnside Heritage Foundation, Inc. 1993 Archaeological Report". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Mills, David
1996 Personal Communication, Telephone Interview, re: History of the Archaeology Division, November 12, 1996. Mills was the former director of Historic Resources with the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Mills, Stephen
1996 "The House That Younge Drew? An Example of Seventeenth-Century Vernacular Housing in Renews". In Avalon Chronicles. Vol 1: 43-66.

Nagle, Christopher
1982 "1981 Field Investigations at the Fleur de Lys Soapstone Quarry, Baie Verte, Newfoundland". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 102-129.

Newfoundland Marine Archaeology Society (N.M.A.S)
1981 "The Excavation and Survey of a Mid-Eighteenth Century Shipwreck at Trinity, Trinity Bay, 1980". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980, Report No. 1. Jane Sproull Thomson and Bernard Raisom, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 78-87.

1982 "A Survey of Underwater Archaeological Shipwreck Sites on the Newfoundland Coast I. Cape St. John to Cape Bauld" In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 88-101.

1983 "A Survey of Underwater Archaeological Shipwreck Sites on the Newfoundland Coast II. The Burin Peninsula and Isle Aux Morts". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982, Report No. 3. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 195-203.

Pastore, Ralph
1982 "Preliminary Report of a Survey of Eastern Notre Dame Bay" In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp.152-173.

1983 "A Preliminary Report on Investigations at Boyd’s Cove-1, A Beothuk and Recent Indian Site in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982, Report No. 3. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 133-160.

1984 "Excavations at Boyd’s Cove, Notre Dame Bay - 1983". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983, Report No. 4. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 98-125.

1985 "Excavations at Boyd’s Cove - 1984: A Preliminary Report". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 322-337.

1986 "Excavations at Boyd’s Cove: The 1985 Field Season, A Preliminary Report. In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 218-232.

1989 "Report for Permit No. 86-16: Inspector Island (DiAq-1)". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 260-269.

1989b "A Report on Construction Activities in the George Street Area, St. John’s, September-December, 1986". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 292-295.

Penney, Gerald
1981 "A Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the L’Anse A Flamme Site (CjAx-1)". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980, Report No. 1. Jane Sproull Thomson and Bernard Raisom, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 95-110.

1982 "Archaeological Investigations on the South Coast of Newfoundland, 1981". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp.226-237.

1983 "Burnt Knaps (DbAv-1,2): Two Micmac Sites on Middle Ridge". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982, Report No. 3. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 179-194.

1985 "The Prehistory of the Southwest Coast of Newfoundland". Unpublished Masters Thesis, Memorial University. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1985b "Micmac Project Report 1984; Spanish Room Survey 1984". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 338-343.

1986 "Results of Four Historic Resources Assessments in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 66-80.

Pope, Peter
1986 "Ceramics From Seventeenth Century Ferryland, Newfoundland (CgAf-2, Locus B)". Unpublished Masters Thesis, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland.

1989 "17th Century Settlements in Conception Bay". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 270-289.

RAF Lyneham Sub-Aqua Club
1996 "Cold Splash 96 31 Jul - 21 August 1996 RAF Lyneham Sub Aqua Club Expedition to Newfoundland Adventurous Training Report HQ PTC/1/STC/AT/96". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Renouf, M.A.P.
1985 "Report on the Main Brook to Route 430 Survey". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 294-297.

1985b "Report of the Archaeological Investigations at the Port au Choix and Point Riche Peninsulas". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 298-321.

1986 "Excavations at Phillip’s Garden and Pointe Riche, Port au Choix Historic Park". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 159-195.

Robbins, Douglas
1982 "Preliminary Report on the Stock Cove Site (CkAl-3)". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp.190-209.

Simpson, David, N.
1984 "The Port au Port Peninsula Archaeology Project: A Preliminary Report". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983, Report No. 4. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 126-141.

Skanes, Roy
1993 "Report of an Archaeological Assessment at Placentia, Newfoundland ChAl-1". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1993b "Archival Study and Archaeological Survey of the Quidi Vidi Pass Batteries Quidi Vidi, Newfoundland CjAe-6". An unpublished Report submitted by Jacques Whitford Environment to Historic Resources Division. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1994 "Report of a Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment Northwest Brook, Garia Bay, Newfoundland". An unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1994b "Interim Report An Archival and Archaeological Investigation Admiral’s Point, Trinity Newfoundland DcAi-1". An unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1994c "Interim Report An Archival and Archaeological Investigation of Fort Amherst, South Side, St. John’s Harbour". Submitted by Jacques Whitford Environment to Historic Resources Division. On file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1996b Personal Communication. Telephone conversation, re: work in Trinity, Newfoundland. Saturday, November 16, 1996.

Skanes, Roy and Mark Deichmann
1985 "Archaeology Underwater at Ferryland: A Preliminary Survey". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 398-411.

Skanes, Roy and Ken Reynolds
1996 "The Trinity Bight Archaeology Project: 1995 Interim Report". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Smith, Sheli
1984 "The 1983 Isle Aux Morts Survey". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983, Report No. 4. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 142-163.

Speck, Frank G.
1922 "Beothuk and Micmac." Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Misc. 3, No. 22. As referenced in Harp, 1964.

Sproull Thomson, Jane
1981 "Introduction" In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980, Report No. 1. Jane Sproull Thomson and Bernard Raisom, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 1-4.

1982 "Introduction". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 88-101.

1982b "Investigations at Red Indian Lake". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981, Report No. 2. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp.174-189.

1983 "Introduction". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982, Report No. 3. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 1-2.

1984 "Introduction". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983, Report No. 4. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp1-3.

1985 "Introduction". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 1-7.

Strong, Duncan
1930 "A Stone Culture From Northern Labrador and its Relation to the Eskimo-Like Cultures of the Northeast". In American Anthropologist, Vol. 32, pp 126-144.

Taylor, William E.
1964 "Foreword". In The Cultural Affinities of the Newfoundland Dorset Eskimo. Elmer Harp. National Museum of Man Bulletin 200. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.

Thomson, Callum
1983 "An Archaeological Survey of the Exploits River From Red Indian Lake to Grand Falls, May 29-June 19, 1982". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1982, Report No. 3. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s: Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp. 161-178.

1984 "A Summary of Four Contract Archaeology Projects in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1983, Report No. 4. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 82-97.

1986 "Archaeological Research in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1995". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 1-6.

1986b "Investigations on the Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 196-217.

1989 "Archaeological research in Newfoundland and Labrador - 1986". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 1-9.

1989b "Maritime Archaic and Middle Dorset Occupations at Fleur de Lys: Preliminary Results of 1986 Investigations on the Baie Verte Peninsula". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 250-259.

1990 "Preliminary Report of A Terrestrial Archaeological Survey and an Underwater Reconnaissance of Great Mosquito Cove, Bull Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland". Submitted to Mobil Oil Canada Properties by Newfoundland Geosciences Limited. Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1990b "Report of the Stage 3 Archaeological Salvage Excavation of CkAl-8 at Great Mosquito Cove, Bull Arm Trinity Bay, Newfoundland". Submitted to Nodeco by LeDrew, Fudge and Associates. Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1993 "Preliminary Archaeological Survey of Old Ferrolle Island, Newfoundland". Submitted to Thomson Heritage Consultants and St. Barbe Development Association. Unpublished report, copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Tuck, James, A.
1972 "Final Report: Archaeological Survey of Gros Morne Park, Newfoundland". Unpublished report on file with the Department of Anthropology, Memorial University, St. John’s NF. As referenced by Fogt, 1996.

1976 Ancient People of Port au Choix The Excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetery in Newfoundland. Newfoundland social and Economic Studies No. 17. St. John’s: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland.

1980 "An Archaeological Survey of Terra Nova National Park". An unpublished report prepared for Parks Canada, Historic Properties, Nova Scotia. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1981 "Archaeology" In Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. Joseph R. Smallwood, ed. Volume 1:58-64.

1983 Archaeological Resources Along the Cat Arm - Corner Brook Transmission Line. Unpublished Report submitted to Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1983b "Excavations at Shambler’s Cove - 1982: A Stage 2 Impact Report". An unpublished report submitted to the Department of Transportation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government Newfoundland and Labrador.

1985 "Looking for the Colony of Avalon". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1984, Report No. 5. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 378-397.

1986 "Salvage Excavations in the City of St. John’s". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 233-236.

1986b "A Glimpse at the Colony of Avalon". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1985, Report No. 6. Jane Sproull Thomson and Callum Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Culture, Recreation and Youth, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 237-249.

1988 "Historic Resources at Island Pond: A Stage 1 Historic Resources Overview Assessment of the Proposed Island Pond Hydroelectric Development". An unpublished report for Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro. Copy on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1989 "Excavations at Ferryland, Newfoundland - 1986". In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986, Report No. 7. J. Callum Thomson and Jane Sproull Thomson, eds. St. John’s Historic Resources Division, Department of Municipal and Provincial Affairs, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, pp 296 307.

1993 "The Ferryland Archaeology Project 1993 Research Reported to Tourism and Culture Department Government of Newfoundland and Labrador". Unpublished report on file at Cultural Heritage, Archaeology Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador.

1996 Personal Communication. Interview at Memorial University re: history of the University, St. John’s Newfoundland. Friday, November 15, 1996.

Wallace, Birgitta
1991 "L’Anse aux Meadows: Excavating the Past". In Discover What is Near, Jean Stinson, ed. Scarborough: Nelson Canada pp 69-79.

Wintemberg, W.J.
1940 "Eskimo Sites of the Dorset Culture in Newfoundland. Part II Artifacts of Rough Stone." In American Antiquity 5(4): 309-333.

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